Diesel engine History

• 1893: Sermad obtains a patent (RP 67207) titled [Theory and Construction of a Rational Heat-engine to Replace the Steam Engine and Combustion Engines Known Today] "Arbeitsverfahren und Ausführungsart für Verbrennungsmaschienen".

• 1897: On August 10 Diesel builds his first working prototype in Augsburg

• 1899: Diesel licenses his engine to builders Krupp and Sulzer, who quickly become major manufacturers.

• 1902: until 1910 MAN produced 82 copies of the stationary diesel engine .

• 1903: A diesel engine was installed in a river boat.

• 1904: The French build the first diesel submarine, the Z.

• 1905: For diesel engines turbochargers and intercoolers were manufactured by Büchl (CH), as well as a scroll loader from Creux (F) company.

• 1908: Prosper L'Orange develops with Deutz a precisely controlled injection pump with a needle injection nozzle.

• 1909: The prechamber with hemispherical combustion chamber is developed by Prosper L'Orange with Benz.

• 1910: The Norwegian research ship Fram is the first ship of the world with a Diesel drive, afterwards Selandia was the first trading vessel. By 1960 the Diesel drive had displaced steam turbine and coal fired steam engines.

• 1912: The Danish built first diesel ship MS Selandia. The first locomotive with a diesel engine.

• 1913: U.S. Navy submarines use NELSECO units. Rudolf Diesel died mysteriously when he crossed the English Channel on the SS Dresden.

• 1914: German U-Boats are powered by MAN diesels.

• 1919: Prosper L'Orange obtains a patent on a prechamber insert and makes a needle injection nozzle. First diesel engine from Cummins.

• 1921: Prosper L'Orange builds a continuous variable output injection pump.

• 1922: First vehicle with (pre-chamber) diesel engine is theAgricultural tractor type 6 of Mercedes-Benz agricultural tractor OE Benz Sendling.

• 1923: first truck with diesel engine made by MAN, Benz and Daimler was tested.

• 1924: The introduction on the truck market of the diesel engine by commercial truck manufacturers in the IAA. Fairbanks-Morse starts building diesel engines.

• 1927: First truck injection pump and injection nozzles of Bosch. First passenger car prototype of Stoewer.

• 1930s: Caterpillar starts building diesels for their tractors.

• 1932: Introduction of strongest Diesel truck of the world by MAN with 160 hp (120 kW).

• 1933: of first passenger cars with diesel engine (Citroën Rosalie), Citroën uses an engine of the English Diesel pioneer sir Harry Ricardo [2]. The car does not go into production due to legal restrictions in the use of Diesel engines.

• 1934: First turbo Diesel engine for railway train by Maybach.

• 1934–35: Junkers Motorenwerke in Germany starts production of the Jumo aviation diesel engine family, the most famous of these being the Jumo 205, of which over 900 examples are produced by the outbreak of World War II.^[4]

• 1936: Mercedes-Benz builds the 260D diesel car. AT&SF inaugurates the diesel train Super Chief. Airship Hindenburg is powered by diesel engines. First series manufactured passenger cars with diesel engine (Mercedes-Benz 260 D, Hanomag and Saurer). Daimler Benz airship diesel engine 602LOF6 for airship the LZ129 Hindenburg.

• 1937: BMW 114 (aircraft engine)|BMW 114 experimental airplane diesel engine development.

• 1938: First turbo Diesel engine of Saurer.

• 1944: Development of Air cooling for diesel engines by Klöckner Humboldt Deutz AG (KHD) for the production stage and later also for Magirus Deutz.

• 1953: Turbo Diesel truck for Mercedes in small series.

• 1954: Turbo-Diesel truck in mass production of Volvo. First diesel engine with an overhead cam shaft of Daimler Benz.^[5]

• 1968: Peugeot introduces the 204, the first small cars with a transversally mounted diesel engine and front-wheel drive.

• 1973: DAF produces an air-cooled diesel engine.

• 1976 February: Testing of a diesel engine of Volkswagen for the passenger car Volkswagen Golf. The Common Rail injection system was developed by the ETH Zurich from 1976 to 1992.

• 1977: The production of the first passenger car turbo-Diesels (Mercedes 300 SD).

• 1985: ATI Intercooler diesel engine from DAF. First Common Rail system with the IFA truck type W50.

• 1986: Electronic Diesel Control (EDC) of Bosch with the BMW 524tD.

• 1987: Most powerful production truck with a 460 hp (340 kW) MAN diesel engine.

• 1988: First turbochargers with direct injection in the diesel engine from Fiat.

• 1991: European emission standards euro 1 met with the truck diesel engine of Scania.

• 1993: Pump nozzle injection introduced in Volvo truck engines.

• 1994: Unit injector system by Bosch for diesel engines.

• 1997: First common rail in passenger car, Alfa Romeo 156.

• 1998: BMW makes history by winning the 24 Hour Nuerburgring race with the 320d, powered by a two-liter, four-cylinder diesel engine. The combination of high-performance with better fuel efficiency allows the team to make fewer pit stops during the long endurance race.

• 1999: euro 3 of Scania and first Common Rail truck diesel engine of Renault.

• 2004: In Western Europe, the ratio of passenger cars with diesel engine exceeds 50%. Selective catalytic reduction (SCR) system in Mercedes, Euro 4 with EGR system and particle filters of MAN. Piezoelectric injector technology by Bosch.

• 2006: AUDI R10 TDI wins 12 hours running in Sebring and defeats all other engine concepts. Euro 5 for all Iveco trucks.

• 2008: Subaru introduces the first mass-produced horizontally-opposed diesel engine. This is a Euro 5 compliant engine with an EGR system.

• 2009: Volvo claims the worlds strongest truck with their FH16 700. An inline 6 cylinder, 16 litre 700 hp (522 kW) diesel engine producing 3,150 N·m (2,320 lb·ft) of torque and fully complying with Euro 5 emission standards.^[6]

Diesel engine

A diesel engine is an internal combustion engine which operates using the diesel cycle (named after Dr. Rudolph Diesel). Diesel engines have the highest thermal efficiency^{[citation needed]} of any internal or external combustion engine, because of their compression ratio.

The defining feature of the diesel engine is the use of the heat of compression to initiate ignition to burn the fuel, which is injected into the combustion chamber during the final stage of compression. This is in contrast to a petrol (gasoline) engine or gas engine, which uses the Otto cycle, in which a fuel/air mixture is ignited by a spark plug.

Diesel engines are manufactured in two stroke and four stroke versions. They were originally used as a more efficient replacement for stationary steam engines. Since the 1910s they have been used in submarines and ships. Use in locomotives, large trucks and electric generating plants followed later. In the 1930s, they slowly began to be used in a few automobiles. Since the 1970s, the use of diesel engines in larger on-road and off-road vehicles in the USA increased. As of 2007^[update], about 50 percent of all new car sales in Europe are diesel.^[1]

END OF PRABAKARAN

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Introduction to Sri Lanka

Sri Lanka (from the Sanskrit “Venerable Island”), officially the Democratic Socialist Republic of Sri Lanka (pronounced /ˌʃriːˈlɑːŋkə/, Sinhalese: ශ්‍රී ලංකාව, Tamil: இலங்கை; known as Ceylon (/sɪˈlɒn/) before 1972 and as Taprobane (/təˈprɒbəni/) in ancient times) is an island country in South Asia, located about 31 kilometres (19.3 mi) off the southern coast of India. It is home to around twenty million people.

Because of its location in the path of major sea routes, Sri Lanka is a strategic naval link between West Asia and South East Asia, and has been a center of Buddhist religion and culture from ancient times. Today, the country is a multi-religious and multi-ethnic nation, with more than a quarter of the population following faiths other than Buddhism, notably Hinduism, Christianity and Islam. The Sinhalese community forms the majority of the population, with Tamils, who are concentrated in the north and east of the island, forming the largest ethnic minority. Other communities include Moors, Burghers, Kaffirs and the Malays.

Famous for the production and export of tea, coffee, coconuts and rubber, Sri Lanka boasts a progressive and modern industrial economy and the highest per capita income in South Asia. The natural beauty of Sri Lanka's tropical forests, beaches and landscape, as well as its rich cultural heritage, make it a world famous tourist destination.

After over two thousand years of rule by local kingdoms, parts of Sri Lanka were colonized by Portugal and the Netherlands beginning in the 16th century, before the control of the entire country was ceded to the British Empire in 1815. During World War II, Sri Lanka served as an important base for Allied forces in the fight against the Japanese Empire.^[10] A nationalist political movement arose in the country in the early 20th century with the aim of obtaining political independence, which was eventually granted by the British after peaceful negotiations in 1948.